Abstract Anti-corrosion susceptibility is one of the top criteria for selecting metallic materials for several industrial applications. This work studies the corrosion performance of an Al-7075 alloy obtained by repetitive corrugation and straightening (RCS). This processing method generated a microstructure formed by randomly distributed micro-, submicro-, and nano- metric grain sizes. The samples exhibited a drop in corrosion resistance for a longer duration in the electrolyte and higher deformation. However, the samples processed by RCS showed better electrochemical stability than the non-deformed condition. The improved electrochemical stability could be associated with the particular microstructure generated during the RCS process.

Abstract: The severe plastic deformation (SPD) techniques allow obtaining ultrafine-grained materials. Different SPD techniques permit processing sheet shape materials such as repetitive corrugation and straightening (RCS) and accumulative roll bonding (ARB). In this study, the formability of an AA 6061-T6 processed by RCS was evaluated. The forming limit diagrams (FLD) were obtained by Nakazima tests after one and two RCS cycles. The FLD curves showed that the forming capacity decreased from the first RCS cycle. Likewise, uniaxial tensile tests at different temperatures and strain rates were conducted to analyze the effect of the RCS process on the strain rate sensitivity. They showed a relatively high strain rate sensitivity coefficient in the samples after one and two RCS cycles. Finally, the initial texture showed a predominant cube texture component, whereas, for further RCS cycles, a weakening of the cube texture and an increment of the S texture component were observed.

Chlorpyrifos (CPF) is an organophosphate compound used worldwide as a pesticide in agriculture that, after subcutaneous injection, keeps acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity inhibited within an organism for months. Ample clinical and experimental evidence shows that CPF exposure induces relevant and persistent neurobehavioral deficits in humans and animals, even after one single episode/injection. Additionally, clinical and epidemiological studies evidence that a significant percentage (60%) of Gulf War veterans as well as agricultural workers suffering from acute OP intoxication may have developed intolerance to nicotine and ethanol-containing beverages. Consistent with it, administration of a single high dose of CPF to adult Wistar rats elicited long-lasting reduced voluntary ethanol drinking and increased sedation to ethanol without evidence of altered ethanol metabolism, which indicates that CPF-ethanol neurobiological interactions may exist. In this study, we explore whether CPF exposure induces significant disturbances in basal and/or ethanol-evoked neural activity in a set of cholinoceptive brain regions critically involved with neurobiological responses to ethanol. For this aim, brain regional c-fos expression in response to acute ethanol (1.5 or 3.0 g/kg, i.p.) or saline was assessed in adult male Wistar rats previously injected with either a single high dose of CPF (250 mg/kg, sc) or vehicle. We found that CPF administration reduces long-term basal, but not ethanol-evoked, c-fos expression in the arcuate hypothalamic nucleus. Because independent brain pathways may modulate acute responses to ethanol and voluntary ethanol consumption, we do not rule out the contribution of basal neural disturbances observed in the Arc to CPF-elicited ethanol avoidance.

El clorpirifós (CPF) es un compuesto organofosforado utilizado como plaguicida en todo el mundo. Después de ser inyectado de manera subcutánea, mantiene la actividad de la enzima acetilcolinesterasa (AChE) inhibida durante meses. Estudios clínicos y experimentales muestran que la exposición al CPF induce déficits neuroconductuales persistentes en seres humanos y animales, incluso después de un solo episodio/inyección. Además, estudios epidemiológicos evidencian que un porcentaje significativo (60%) de los veteranos de la Guerra del Golfo, así como los agricultores que sufren una intoxicación aguda por organofosforados, desarrollan intolerancia a la nicotina y las bebidas que contienen etanol. Datos experimentales mostraron que la administración de una sola dosis alta de CPF en ratas Wistar adultas provoca una reducción a largo plazo del consumo voluntario de etanol y un incremento en la sedación provocada por etanol sin evidencias de alteración del metabolismo de esta sustancia, lo que indica que pueden existir interacciones neurobiológicas entre CPF-etanol. En este estudio, se explora si la exposición a CPF induce alteraciones significativas en la actividad neuronal basal o evocada por el etanol en un conjunto de regiones colinoceptivas del cerebro involucradas en las respuestas neurobiológicas al etanol. Para ello, se evaluó la expresión de c-fos en respuesta a una dosis de etanol aguda (1.5 o 3.0 g/kg, ip) o solución salina en ratas Wistar macho adultas previamente inyectados con dosis aguda de CPF (250 mg/kg, sc) o un vehículo. Encontramos que la administración de CPF redujo la expresión basal de c-fos a largo plazo, pero no la evocada por el etanol en el núcleo arqueado del hipotalámo. Debido a que vías cerebrales independientes podrían modular las respuestas agudas al etanol y el consumo voluntario del mismo, no se descarta la contribución de las alteraciones neuronales basales observadas en el Arc en la evitación del consumo de etanol provocado por CPF.

Electrolytic tough pitch (ETP) and fire refined high conductivity (FRHC) copper samples were severely deformed at room temperature by equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) up to 16 passes (ε ~ 1 per pass), following route Bc. The effect of the initial texture on the evolution of texture after the ECAP process for both materials was analyzed. The annealed materials present a marked anisotropy, with a texture controlled by the <110> fiber. According to the orientation distribution function (ODF), this initial behavior allows the presence of a strong C ({001} <110>) component after the first two ECAP passes in both coppers. However in the second pass the C component significantly increases in the FRHC copper, whereas the ETP copper presents a much more balanced behavior of the A1* (111)[<img border=0 width=17 height=12 id="_x0000_i1026" src="../../../../../img/revistas/mr/2013nahead/1707-12s01.jpg" align=absmiddle> 2]and A2* (111)[11 <img border=0 width=8 height=12 id="_x0000_i1027" src="../../../../../img/revistas/mr/2013nahead/1707-12s02.jpg" align=absmiddle>]components. The textures obtained for both coppers after each ECAP pass exhibit predominant orientations with continuous distributions along the orientation fiber with simple shear texture.

Se evaluó el proceso de recristalización de un acero comercial con 0,04%C calmado al aluminio, con un porcentaje de reducción en frío de 80%, sometido a un tratamiento térmico de recocido a velocidades de calentamiento de 12ºC/h, 20ºC/h, 40ºC/h y 650ºC/min y luego mantenidas por un máximo de 15 horas a 700ºC. Los resultados de la caracterización microestructural efectuada mediante microscopía óptica, microscopía electrónica de barrido y transmisión, evidenciaron que la temperatura de recristalización del material calentado a velocidades lentas (12ºC/h, 20ºC/h y 40ºC/h) se encuentra entre 600 y 650ºC, desarrollándose un grano recristalizado alargado tipo “pancake”, cuyo crecimiento durante la etapa de mantenimiento fue insignificante. En las muestras calentadas rápidamente a 650ºC/min, la recristalización ocurrió inmediatamente al alcanzar los 700ºC, la estructura de grano recristalizado fue más equiaxial y el tamaño de grano cambió apreciablemente durante la etapa de mantenimiento. La cementita experimentó un grado importante de esferoidización, se observó además la precipitación de partículas de AlN y su posterior engrosamiento durante el mantenimiento a la temperatura de recristalización.

The recrystallization process of a commercial 0.04%C Al-killed steel, cold rolled up to 80% subjected to a annealing heat treatment at variable heating rates was evaluated in the present study. For this purpose, samples were isothermally annealed at various heating rates (12ºC/h, 20ºC/h, 40ºC/h and 650ºC/min) and then soaked at 700ºC for 15 hours. The microstructural evolution of the samples followed by optical microscopy, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, showed that the recrystallization process took place between 600 and 650ºC for the samples heated at low rates (12ºC/h, 20ºC/h and 40ºC/h), and the grain structure developed was the so called “pancake” type. The grain size for these samples showed an insignificant growth during the holding stage at 700ºC. On the other hand, with the samples heated at 650ºC/min, the recrystallizaction occurred on reaching 700ºC, the grain structure was more equiaxial and the grain size changed appreciably during the holding stage. The spheroidization process of cementite occurred in significant amounts during the holding stage at 700ºC. The precipitation and coarsening of AlN particles were also evaluated during the holding stage at 700ºC.

Se estudia en este trabajo la ductilidad en caliente y comportamiento a fractura de un acero estructural no aleado susceptible de sufrir agrietamiento transversal. Para evaluar la posible influencia de elementos residuales e inclusiones, el acero comercial se compara con uno de similar composición obtenido en laboratorio a partir de hierro casi puro a partir del método de refusión por electroescoria. Posteriormente los materiales se evaluaron mecánicamente mediante ensayos de tracción a temperaturas entre 1000 y 650ºC a una velocidad de deformación de 10-3 s-1. La reducción en área de las muestras ensayadas se empleó como medida de la ductilidad en caliente. A cada temperatura, el comportamiento de la ductilidad se relación con las fases presentes así como con los mecanismos de fractura que actuaban. Para ello se efectuó un análisis de las superficies de fractura empleando un microscopio electrónico de barrido.

The hot ductility and fracture behaviour of a C-Mn steel susceptible to transversal cracking in the corners is studied. In order to evaluate the influence of residual elements and inclusions, this steel was compared with another one with the same main composition obtained by electro-slag from almost pure iron. Tensile tests at temperatures ranging from 1000ºC to 650ºC and an initial strain rate of 1·10-3s-1 were carried out for reheated samples of both steels. The reduction in area of the samples tested to fracture was used as a measure of the hot ductility. For each temperature, the ductility behaviour was related both to the phases and to the fracture mechanisms present. For this purpose, the fracture surfaces of the tensile specimens were examined by scanning electron microscopy.